[17] [1863] EngR 589; (1863) 32 Beav 499 at 505-506 [55 ER 196 at 198]. See also In re Davison’s Estate (1893) 31 LR Ir 249 at 255.
[18] (1858) 25 Beav 310 [53 ER 655].
[19] [1858] EngR 477; (1858) 25 Beav 310 at 311 [53 ER 655 at 655].
[20] [1858] EngR 477; (1858) 25 Beav 310 at 312 [53 ER 655 at 656].
[21] [2008] QSC 57 at [74]; noted Young, “Recent cases”, (2008) 82 Australian Law Journal 760 at 762-763.
[22] [2008] QSC 57 at [53]. Cf Westfield Management Ltd v Perpetual Trustee Co Ltd (2007) 233 CLR 528 at 538-541 [35]-[45]; [2007] HCA 45.
[23] See, generally, Barry v Heider (1914) 19 CLR 197 at 213-214; [1914] HCA 79; Bahr v Nicolay [No 2] (1988) 164 CLR 604 at 613, 637-639, 653-655; [1988] HCA 16.
[24] Cochrane v Cochrane (1985) 3 NSWLR 403 at 404.
[25] Bofinger v Rekley Pty Ltd [2007] NSWSC 1138.
[26] Bofinger v Kingsway Group Pty Ltd (2008) 14 BPR 26,167.
[27] Bass v Permanent Trustee Co Ltd (1999) 198 CLR 334 at 357 [50]; [1999] HCA 9.
[28] O’Toole v Charles David Pty Ltd (1991) 171 CLR 232 at 244-247, 260, 298; [1991] HCA 14.
[29] [1990] 1 AC 536 at 545.
[30] [1984] 1 NSWLR 285 at 299, 302.
[31] (1887) 35 Ch D 544 at 549-550. See also Banner v Berridge (1881) 18 Ch D 254 at 269-270; Sheahan v Carrier Air Conditioning Pty Ltd (1997) 189 CLR 407 at 429-430; [1997] HCA 37; Lloyds Bank NZA Ltd v National Safety Council [1993] 2 VR 506 at 511, 514.
[32] (1816) 1 Madd 269 [56 ER 100].
[33] 19 & 20 Vict c 97.
[34] Embling v McEwan (1872) 3 VR (L) 52 at 53-54; Hardy v Johnston (1880) 6 VLR (L) 190 at 193.
[35] (1874) LR 9 Ch App 244.
[36] Russet Pty Ltd (In liq) v Bach unreported, Supreme Court of New South Wales, Equity Division, 23 June 1988 at 12.
[37] Cf Lord Napier and Ettrick v Hunter [1993] AC 713 at 738-739.
[38] Cf Lord Napier and Ettrick v Hunter [1993] AC 713 at 752.
[39] Cf Lord Napier and Ettrick v Hunter [1993] AC 713 at 738.
[40] (1999) 196 CLR 101 at 111-112 [2]-[4] per Gleeson CJ, McHugh, Gummow and Callinan JJ; [1999] HCA 10.
[41] (2004) 3 ABC (NS) 1 at 17. See also Giumelli v Giumelli (1999) 196 CLR 101 at 119-120 [31]-[32] and the form of the orders made at first instance by McLelland J in United States Surgical Corporation v Hospital Products International Pty Ltd [1982] 2 NSWLR 766 at 820-822.
[42] (2004) 3 ABC (NS) 1 at 16.
[43] (1887) 35 Ch D 544 at 549-550.
[44] See Pilmer v Duke Group Ltd (In liq) (2001) 207 CLR 165 at 199 [78]; [2001] HCA 31; Commonwealth Bank of Australia v Smith (1991) 42 FCR 390 at 393; Bristol and West Building Society v Mothew [1998] Ch 1 at 19; Beach Petroleum NL v Kennedy (1999) 48 NSWLR 1 at 47; Finn, Fiduciary Obligations, (1977) at 253-254; Conaglen, “Fiduciary Regulation of Conflicts Between Duties”, (2009) 125 Law Quarterly Review 111 at 119-122.
[45] (1874) LR 9 Ch App 244. See Farah Constructions Pty Ltd v Say-Dee Pty Ltd (2007) 230 CLR 89 at 159-161 [159]-[165]; [2007] HCA 22.
[46] [1940] VLR 201 at 205.
[47] (1863) 32 Beav 499 [55 ER 196].
[48] (2004) 217 CLR 424 at 433-437 [17]-[23]; [2004] HCA 28.
[49] (1929) 43 CLR 334 at 351; [1929] HCA 42.
[50] [1863] EngR 589; (1863) 32 Beav 499 [55 ER 196].
[51] [1856] EngR 694; (1856) 2 K & J 650 [69 ER 943].
[52] (1986) 160 CLR 226 at 244; [1986] HCA 14.
[53] English Scottish and Australian Bank Ltd v Phillips (1937) 57 CLR 302 at 322-323; [1937] HCA 6.
[54] Commissioner of Stamp Duties (NSW) v Perpetual Trustee Co Ltd (1915) 21 CLR 69 at 87; [1915] HCA 91; Lewis v Keene (1936) 36 SR (NSW) 493 at 499. In New South Wales, s 10 of the Conveyancing Act 1919 (NSW) enacts that there shall be no “merger by operation of law only of any estate, the beneficial interest in which would not be deemed to be merged or extinguished in equity”.
[55] Whiteley v Delaney [1914] AC 132 at 144-145.
[56] Brunner v Greenslade [1971] Ch 993 at 1002.
[57] Waldock, The Law of Mortgages, 2nd ed (1950) at 437, quoted in Sussman v AGC Advances Ltd (1995) 37 NSWLR 37 at 51.
[58] In re W Tasker & Sons Ltd [1905] 2 Ch 587 at 599-600, 603, where the property was corporate debentures. The law was altered retrospectively by s 15 of the Companies Act 1907 (UK): In re New London and Suburban Omnibus Company [1908] 1 Ch 621 at 625-626; White and Tudor’s Leading Cases In Equity, 9th ed (1928), vol 2 at 34-35.
[59] (2003) 217 CLR 315 at 324 [20]; [2003] HCA 57.
[61] (1985) 3 NSWLR 403 at 405.
[62] Friend v Brooker (2009) 83 ALJR 724 at 732 [38]; 255 ALR 601 at 609-610.
[63] (2009) 83 ALJR 724 at 728 [7]-[8]; [2009] HCA 21; 255 ALR 601 at 604.
[64] (1992) 175 CLR 353 at 378-379; [1992] HCA 48.
[65] (1992) 175 CLR 353 at 375.
[66] Cf Ford (by his tutor Watkinson) v Perpetual Trustees Victoria Ltd (2009) 257 ALR 658 at 684.
[67] Farah Constructions Pty Ltd v Say-Dee Pty Ltd (2007) 230 CLR 89 at 156 [151] per Gleeson CJ, Gummow, Callinan, Heydon and Crennan JJ; Lumbers v W Cook Builders Pty Ltd (In liq) (2008) 232 CLR 635 at 664-665 [83]-[85] per Gummow, Hayne, Crennan and Kiefel JJ; [2008] HCA 27.
[68] See Bryan v Maloney (1995) 182 CLR 609 at 619; [1995] HCA 17, and the later decisions collected in Woolcock Street Investments Pty Ltd v CDG Pty Ltd (2004) 216 CLR 515 at 528-529 [18]; [2004] HCA 16.
[69] (1985) 3 NSWLR 403.
[70] Pavey & Matthews Pty Ltd v Paul (1987) 162 CLR 221 at 257; [1987] HCA 5; Lumbers v W Cook Builders Pty Ltd (In liq) (2008) 232 CLR 635 at 665 [85].
[71] See Goff and Jones, The Law of Restitution, 4th ed (1993) at 592. This statement was removed from subsequent editions.
[72] See Farah Constructions Pty Ltd v Say-Dee Pty Ltd (2007) 230 CLR 89 at 156 [151].
[73] Birks, “Equity in the Modern Law: An Exercise in Taxonomy”, (1996) 26 University of Western Australia Law Review 1 at 16-17.
[74] Birks, “Equity in the Modern Law: An Exercise in Taxonomy”, (1996) 26 University of Western Australia Law Review 1 at 67-68.
[75] Birks, “Equity in the Modern Law: An Exercise in Taxonomy”, (1996) 26 University of Western Australia Law Review 1 at 17.
[76] [1996] 1 WLR 328 at 335; [1995] 4 All ER 769 at 777.
[77] The English authorities, of which the most recent was Cheltenham & Gloucester plc v Appleyard [2004] EWCA Civ 291, were analysed by Mr Tilley in his article “Restitution and the law of subrogation in England and Australia”, (2005) 79 Australian Law Journal 518.
[78] [1999] 1 AC 221.
[79] Notably, Ghana Commercial Bank v Chandiram [1960] AC 732.
[80] [1999] 1 AC 221 at 223.
[81] See the note by Jackman, “Restitution and subrogation”, (1999) 73 Australian Law Journal 110 at 112.
[82] [1999] 1 AC 221 at 231.